IV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a retrovirus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). This virus resides in the body fluids of an infected person, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk. HIV attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, weakening the body’s defense against infections and certain cancers.
How Is HIV Transmitted?
HIV is transmitted when a person comes into contact with infected body fluids through certain activities or circumstances. Here are the most common modes of transmission:
- Unprotected sexual contact. The most frequent cause of HIV transmission is unprotected sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal, or oral) with an infected partner. The virus enters the bloodstream through tiny cuts or mucous membranes in the genital or rectal areas.
- Blood transfusions. Although rare due to strict screening processes in blood banks, HIV can be transmitted if an infected person’s blood is transfused into another person. Modern blood banks rigorously test blood to prevent this.
- Sharing needles. People who inject drugs and share needles or syringes are at high risk of HIV infection. Blood residue on the needle can carry the virus from one person to another.
- Mother-to-child transmission. A pregnant woman with HIV can pass the virus to her child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. With proper medical interventions, this risk can be significantly reduced.
- Occupational exposure. Healthcare workers who are accidentally exposed to infected blood or body fluids, such as through needle-stick injuries, are at risk of contracting HIV.
Activities That Do Not Spread HIV
It is important to dispel myths about HIV transmission. HIV cannot be spread through the following:
- Casual contact like hugging, shaking hands, or sharing food.
- Saliva, sweat, tears, or urine (unless mixed with infected blood).
- Insect bites, such as those from mosquitoes.
- Sharing swimming pools, toilets, or other public facilities.
How to Prevent HIV Infection
- Practice safe sex. Always use condoms during sexual activity to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
- Avoid sharing needles. Do not share needles, syringes, or other drug-related equipment.
- Get tested regularly. Regular HIV testing allows for early detection and management.
- Take PrEP or PEP. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a medication for high-risk individuals to prevent HIV infection. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a treatment taken shortly after possible exposure to HIV.
- Ensure safe blood transfusions. Verify that blood products come from trusted and screened sources.
- Seek medical advice during pregnancy. Pregnant women with HIV should consult their healthcare provider to prevent mother-to-child transmission.
HIV and AIDS remain serious health concerns, but understanding the virus and how it spreads can help prevent infection. By practicing safe behaviors, accessing regular testing, and seeking early medical intervention when needed, individuals can reduce the risk of HIV transmission and protect their health and the health of others. If you suspect possible exposure, consult a healthcare professional promptly for guidance.
