The menstrual cycle refers to the monthly changes in a woman’s body that prepare it for pregnancy. These changes include the release of an egg cell from the ovaries, its journey to the uterus, and the occurrence of menstruation, or monthly bleeding, among women of reproductive age.
Why Does Menstruation or Monthly Bleeding Occur?
Monthly bleeding occurs as part of the uterine lining shedding process. If fertilization does not happen—meaning the egg cell from the woman and the sperm cell from the man do not meet—the body removes the old uterine lining. This unused lining, which thickens to support a possible pregnancy, breaks down and exits the body through the vagina as blood, also known as menstruation.
At What Age Does Menstruation Start?
The menstrual cycle typically begins between the ages of 11 and 14, when girls enter puberty. This is a natural part of physical development caused by hormonal changes, particularly the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
How Long Does a Menstrual Cycle Last, and What Happens During It?
A menstrual cycle starts on the first day of bleeding and ends on the first day of the next period. A typical cycle lasts about 28 days, but it can vary from 21 to 35 days.
The menstrual cycle consists of the following phases:
- Ovulation. The ovaries release an egg cell, which travels through the fallopian tube toward the uterus.
- Uterine Lining Thickening. The lining of the uterus thickens to prepare for pregnancy.
- Menstruation. If fertilization does not occur, the thickened uterine lining breaks down and exits the body as menstrual blood.
Menstruation usually lasts between 3 to 7 days, depending on the flow of blood.
What to Do During Menstruation?
During menstruation, women experience bleeding that may be heavy at first and taper off in the following days. To manage this, consider the following tips:
- Use Sanitary Products. Sanitary napkins, tampons, or menstrual cups can absorb the blood and help maintain hygiene.
- Relieve Menstrual Cramps. Cramps or abdominal pain can occur during menstruation and may be alleviated by:
- Taking over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen.
- Applying a warm compress or heating pad to the abdomen.
- Maintain Hygiene. Change sanitary products every 4–6 hours to avoid irritation or infection.
What Does Irregular Menstruation Mean?
A menstrual cycle is considered irregular if:
- The gap between periods is shorter than 21 days or longer than 35 days.
- Bleeding occurs outside the normal cycle.
Irregular periods can be caused by various factors, including:
- Sudden Weight Changes. Extreme weight gain or loss can disrupt hormonal balance.
- Eating Disorders. Conditions like anorexia affect menstruation.
- Excessive Exercise. Over-exercising can interfere with regular cycles.
- Emotional Stress. Stress impacts hormone production.
- Drug Use. Use of illegal drugs or certain medications can alter cycles.
- Hormonal Imbalances. Irregularities in estrogen or progesterone levels disrupt normal cycles.
- Approaching Menopause. Women nearing menopause experience changes in cycle regularity.
When Does Menstruation Stop?
Menstruation stops permanently during menopause, which typically occurs around the age of 50. Menopause happens when the body produces fewer reproductive hormones, and the ovaries stop releasing eggs. Once menopause is complete, a woman can no longer conceive or become pregnant.
The menstrual cycle is a natural and essential process in a woman’s reproductive health. Understanding its phases, causes of irregularities, and proper hygiene during menstruation empowers women to manage their health effectively. If irregular cycles or severe symptoms persist, consulting a doctor is recommended to rule out any underlying conditions and ensure overall well-being.
