If leukemia is suspected, doctors use a variety of tests to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type and stage of the disease. These tests are critical in guiding treatment decisions. Below are the common procedures used to diagnose leukemia, along with additional tests that may be recommended depending on the patient and the type of leukemia.
Common Tests for Leukemia Diagnosis
- Complete Blood Count (CBC). This blood test evaluates the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, as well as the hemoglobin level and hematocrit. The presence of abnormal cells or significant changes in cell counts can indicate leukemia.
- Bone Marrow Biopsy and Aspiration. This test examines the bone marrow for abnormal cells. A large needle is typically inserted into the bone (usually the pelvic bone) to extract a small sample of bone marrow. This sample is then analyzed under a microscope to confirm the presence and type of leukemia.
Additional Tests
Depending on the type of leukemia suspected and the patient’s overall health, further tests may be conducted:
- Lymph Node Biopsy. If the lymph nodes are swollen, a sample may be taken to check for cancerous cells.
- CT Scan (Computed Tomography). This imaging test provides detailed cross-sectional views of the body, which can reveal abnormalities in organs or lymph nodes.
- X-Ray. Useful for detecting changes in the chest, such as swollen lymph nodes or an enlarged thymus gland, which can be associated with certain types of leukemia.
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). This test provides detailed images of soft tissues, helping to identify the spread of leukemia in the brain or spinal cord.
- Cytogenetic Testing. This test examines the chromosomes of the cells to detect genetic abnormalities specific to certain leukemia types.
- Flow Cytometry and Immunophenotyping. These specialized tests analyze the markers on the surface of cells, helping to classify the type of leukemia.
- Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap). This procedure checks for the presence of leukemia cells in the cerebrospinal fluid, which surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
Diagnosing leukemia requires a combination of these tests to confirm its presence and determine the specific type and stage. Early detection is vital for effective treatment. If you or someone you know exhibits symptoms such as persistent fatigue, frequent infections, unexplained bruising, or prolonged fever, consult a doctor immediately. These symptoms may warrant further investigation to rule out leukemia or other serious conditions.
