Stomach Cancer

Symptoms of Stomach Cancer

In the early stages of stomach cancer, symptoms may be mild or vague, and patients may experience the following:

• Indigestion. A feeling of discomfort or heaviness in the stomach after eating.
• Feeling full quickly. A sensation of fullness even after eating small amounts of food.
• Heartburn. A burning sensation in the chest or stomach.
• Nausea. An ongoing feeling of queasiness.
• Loss of appetite. A reduced desire to eat, often leading to unintended weight loss.

As stomach cancer progresses, more severe symptoms may develop, including:

• Severe fatigue. Persistent tiredness that doesn’t improve with rest.
• Abdominal pain. Pain in the stomach area, which may become more intense over time.
• Vomiting. May sometimes contain blood or resemble coffee grounds in appearance.
• Unintentional weight loss. Rapid and unexplained weight loss.
• Blood in stool. Stools may appear dark or contain visible blood.
• Difficulty swallowing. Especially with solid foods, as tumors may obstruct the digestive tract.
• Jaundice. Yellowing of the skin and eyes, indicating potential liver involvement.
• Abdominal swelling. Bloating or fluid buildup in the abdomen.
• Constipation or diarrhea. Changes in bowel habits.

These symptoms can resemble other digestive disorders, making early-stage stomach cancer challenging to diagnose without specific tests. Diagnosis typically involves imaging and diagnostic procedures, such as a CT scan, barium swallow X-ray, and upper endoscopy, which allows doctors to directly view the stomach lining and take tissue samples for biopsy if necessary. Early testing and diagnosis are critical for effective treatment.

Types of Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer, or gastric cancer, can develop in various forms depending on the part of the stomach affected. The main types of stomach cancer include:

1. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach. This is the most common type of stomach cancer, originating in the innermost lining of the stomach. Adenocarcinoma cells form in the mucosal layer, which produces mucus to protect the stomach lining. This type of cancer can also spread to other parts of the body, beyond just the stomach.
2. Gastric lymphoma. A rare type of stomach cancer, gastric lymphoma accounts for only about 4% of stomach cancer cases. It involves cancer cells attacking the immune system tissues within the stomach. Because the immune system is affected, gastric lymphoma can weaken the body’s defenses and requires specialized treatment.
3. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Another rare form, GIST originates in the smooth muscle tissue of the stomach wall, known as interstitial cells of Cajal, which control muscle contractions. GIST tumors can vary significantly in their behavior, with some growing slowly and others more aggressively.
4. Carcinoid tumor. Comprising about 3% of stomach cancers, carcinoid tumors affect the hormone-producing cells in the stomach. These tumors typically grow slowly and, unlike other forms of stomach cancer, are less likely to spread to other parts of the body.

Understanding the specific type of stomach cancer is essential for effective treatment planning, as each type responds differently to therapy. Early detection and targeted treatment are critical for managing these different forms of stomach cancer effectively.

Diagnostic Procedures for Stomach Cancer

Diagnosing stomach cancer typically involves a range of tests and procedures to identify the presence, type, and extent of the disease. Here are the primary diagnostic procedures used to evaluate stomach cancer:

1. Physical exam and medical history. A doctor will review the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and family history of cancer. They may check for signs of weight loss, abdominal pain, or swelling.
2. Upper endoscopy. This is one of the most common and effective methods for diagnosing stomach cancer. During an endoscopy, a thin, flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) is inserted through the mouth and into the stomach to view the stomach lining. If any suspicious areas are found, the doctor may take a biopsy (tissue sample) for further examination.
3. Biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of stomach tissue, typically during an endoscopy, for examination under a microscope. A pathologist examines the sample to confirm the presence of cancer cells and identify the type of cancer.
4. Imaging tests. These tests create detailed pictures of the stomach and surrounding organs to detect tumors and determine if the cancer has spread.
   • CT (computed tomography) scan. A CT scan of the abdomen provides detailed cross-sectional images, helping to locate and evaluate the tumor.
   • MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). MRI scans can provide more detailed images of soft tissues and are sometimes used to assess the spread of stomach cancer.
   • PET (positron emission tomography) scan. This scan detects areas of high metabolic activity, which may indicate cancerous growth. PET scans are often combined with CT scans to give a comprehensive view.
5. Barium swallow X-ray (upper gastrointestinal series). In this procedure, the patient drinks a liquid containing barium, which coats the stomach lining. X-ray images are then taken to reveal abnormalities in the stomach’s shape and structure, helping detect tumors or other issues.
6. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). Often performed with an endoscopy, EUS provides ultrasound images of the stomach and nearby organs. It helps determine the depth of the tumor within the stomach wall and whether it has spread to surrounding lymph nodes.
7. Blood tests. While blood tests cannot diagnose stomach cancer, they help assess overall health and detect any signs of anemia or liver function issues. Tumor markers, such as CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen), may also be checked, although these are not specific to stomach cancer.

These diagnostic procedures provide essential information on the presence, type, and stage of stomach cancer, guiding doctors in selecting the most effective treatment plan. Early and accurate diagnosis is key to improving treatment outcomes and quality of life for patients with stomach cancer.

Complications of Untreated Stomach Cancer

If left untreated, stomach cancer can lead to severe complications, significantly impacting a person’s health and quality of life. Here are some of the primary complications associated with untreated stomach cancer:

1. Malnutrition and weight loss. As stomach cancer progresses, it can cause a loss of appetite, nausea, and difficulty swallowing, leading to malnutrition and unintentional weight loss. The body’s inability to absorb nutrients can weaken the immune system, making it harder to fight infections.
2. Obstruction of the stomach or intestines. Tumors in the stomach may grow large enough to block the stomach or intestines, making it difficult for food to pass through. This can result in pain, severe nausea, vomiting, and a complete inability to eat, which further exacerbates malnutrition.
3. Internal bleeding. Stomach cancer can cause ulcers or break through blood vessels in the stomach lining, leading to internal bleeding. Symptoms of bleeding may include black or tarry stools, vomiting blood, and anemia (low red blood cell count), causing fatigue and weakness.
4. Spread (metastasis) to other organs. Untreated stomach cancer can metastasize, or spread, to other parts of the body, such as the liver, pancreas, intestines, and lymph nodes. Metastatic cancer is challenging to treat and often leads to severe complications, reducing the chances of recovery.
5. Peritoneal carcinomatosis. This occurs when stomach cancer spreads to the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity. Cancer cells in the peritoneum can cause fluid accumulation (ascites), resulting in abdominal swelling, pain, and respiratory distress as pressure builds up on the lungs and organs.
6. Jaundice and liver failure. If the cancer spreads to the liver or obstructs the bile ducts, it can lead to jaundice—a yellowing of the skin and eyes. This indicates liver dysfunction and, in advanced stages, can lead to liver failure, which is life-threatening.
7. Severe pain. As stomach cancer spreads and tumors grow, pain in the abdomen can become severe and persistent. Advanced cancer can also put pressure on nerves and other tissues, making pain management difficult without proper treatment.
8. Compromised immune function. Untreated cancer places a high demand on the immune system, which can become weakened over time. This makes the body more susceptible to infections, further reducing the patient’s ability to cope with the disease.

These complications highlight the importance of early detection and treatment of stomach cancer. Prompt medical intervention can improve survival rates, alleviate symptoms, and enhance quality of life, making it essential to address stomach cancer as soon as possible.

Causes of Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer develops due to specific, direct causes that lead to abnormal cell growth in the stomach lining. Here are the primary direct causes:

1. Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria. Chronic infection with H. pylori is one of the main direct causes of stomach cancer. This bacterium causes persistent inflammation and damage to the stomach lining, which, over time, can lead to cellular mutations and the development of cancerous cells. This infection directly affects the stomach environment, altering the cells’ DNA and increasing cancer risk.
2. Genetic mutations within stomach cells. Certain inherited and spontaneous genetic mutations directly cause cells in the stomach lining to divide and grow abnormally. For example, mutations in genes like CDH1 (often associated with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer) disrupt normal cell growth and repair, leading to the formation of tumors.
3. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Infection with EBV has been linked to certain forms of stomach cancer. The virus can enter stomach cells and alter their genetic material, leading to abnormal cell growth and, in some cases, cancer.
4. Chemical carcinogens from preserved foods. Some chemicals, particularly nitrates and nitrites found in smoked and pickled foods, can directly interact with stomach cells and cause cancer. In acidic stomach conditions, these chemicals can convert into carcinogenic compounds, which damage cell DNA and lead to cancerous changes over time.
5. Chronic exposure to asbestos. Asbestos fibers, when ingested or inhaled, can become lodged in body tissues, including the stomach. Prolonged exposure can lead to direct cellular damage and inflammation, resulting in genetic mutations that cause cells to become cancerous.

These direct causes disrupt cellular function in the stomach, leading to mutations and abnormal growth that characterize stomach cancer. Addressing infections, minimizing exposure to carcinogenic substances, and monitoring known genetic risks are key ways to reduce the likelihood of developing stomach cancer.

Prevention of Stomach Cancer

To reduce the likelihood of developing stomach cancer, it is recommended to take the following preventive measures:

1. Eat a balanced, nutritious diet. Consuming a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains provides essential nutrients and antioxidants that support overall health and reduce cancer risk. Additionally, limit intake of fatty and preserved foods, as these are linked to an increased risk of stomach cancer.
2. Exercise daily. Regular physical activity supports a healthy immune system and helps the body eliminate toxins, which can reduce the risk of various cancers, including stomach cancer.
3. Maintain a healthy weight. Keeping a stable, healthy weight lowers the risk of multiple diseases, including cancer, by reducing inflammation and supporting overall metabolic health.
4. Avoid smoking. Smoking is one of the leading causes of several cancers, including stomach cancer. Quitting smoking, or avoiding it altogether, significantly reduces the risk.

Stomach cancer can often be treated successfully if detected early. If you experience unusual symptoms, consult a doctor promptly to ensure timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Taking proactive steps to live a healthy lifestyle and monitoring for any concerning symptoms are essential for prevention and early intervention.

Risk Factors for Stomach Cancer

Anyone can develop stomach cancer, but certain factors can increase the likelihood of getting this disease:

1. Age. Those aged 50 and older are at a higher risk of developing stomach cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, around 60% of stomach cancer cases occur in older adults.
2. Gender. Data shows that stomach cancer is more common in men than in women.
3. Inherited genetic mutations. Having a family history of stomach cancer can increase one’s risk. Problematic genes related to cancer can be inherited from parents, making family members more susceptible.
4. Previous stomach surgery. Individuals who have undergone stomach surgery in the past may develop complications that increase the risk of stomach cancer.
5. Blood type A. Studies suggest that people with blood type A are more susceptible to infections caused by H. pylori bacteria, which increases the risk of stomach cancer due to the bacteria’s association with chronic stomach inflammation.
6. Long-term smoking. Cigarettes contain numerous cancer-causing agents, including nicotine. Long-term smoking is directly linked to an increased risk of stomach cancer.
7. Work in mining or chemical environments. Working in environments where exposure to harmful dust or chemicals is frequent, such as in mining, increases the likelihood of developing stomach cancer due to inhaling or ingesting carcinogenic substances.
8. Chronic stomach conditions. Conditions such as peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, and intestinal metaplasia can increase the risk of stomach cancer if they go untreated or are not managed properly, as long-standing inflammation and cellular changes increase cancer risk.

These risk factors highlight the importance of regular health monitoring and adopting preventive measures, especially for individuals with increased susceptibility to stomach cancer.

Stomach Cancer FAQs

These FAQs provide essential insights into stomach cancer, helping you understand its causes, symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options. If you have concerns or experience symptoms, consult a healthcare provider for further guidance and evaluation.

1. What is stomach cancer?
   Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that originates in the lining of the stomach. Over time, cancerous cells can form tumors, which may grow and spread to other parts of the body if not treated.
2. What causes stomach cancer?
   While the exact cause is unknown, several factors can contribute to its development, including Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, genetic mutations, smoking, obesity, and diets high in preserved foods. Chronic inflammation of the stomach lining due to ulcers or gastritis can also increase risk.
3. What are the symptoms of stomach cancer?
   Early symptoms are often subtle and may include indigestion, bloating, nausea, heartburn, and a feeling of fullness. As the cancer advances, symptoms may include stomach pain, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, unintended weight loss, and blood in the stool.
4. Who is at risk for stomach cancer?
   People over 50, men, smokers, those with a family history of stomach cancer, individuals with chronic stomach conditions, and those frequently exposed to harmful chemicals are at higher risk. Certain blood types (like type A) may also have a slightly elevated risk.
5. How is stomach cancer diagnosed?
   Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as CT scans and upper endoscopies, which allow doctors to view the stomach lining and take tissue samples for biopsy. Blood tests may also be done to check for specific markers.
6. Is stomach cancer treatable?
   Yes, especially if detected early. Treatment options include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted drug therapies. The treatment plan depends on the cancer’s stage and location.
7. Can stomach cancer spread to other parts of the body?
   Yes, stomach cancer can spread to nearby organs like the liver, pancreas, and intestines. In later stages, it can spread to more distant organs through the lymphatic system or bloodstream.
8. Is stomach cancer preventable?
   While it may not be entirely preventable, you can reduce your risk by maintaining a healthy diet, avoiding preserved foods, quitting smoking, and managing chronic stomach conditions. Regular check-ups are recommended for high-risk individuals.
9. How common is stomach cancer?
   Stomach cancer is relatively rare in the United States, accounting for less than 2% of all new cancer cases. However, it is more common in other parts of the world, particularly in East Asia and South America.
10. What should I do if I have a family history of stomach cancer?
    If you have a family history of stomach cancer, consider genetic counseling to assess your risk. Regular screenings and monitoring for any unusual symptoms can also help in early detection.
11. How can diet impact the risk of stomach cancer?
    Diets high in smoked, pickled, or salty foods may increase the risk of stomach cancer due to certain chemicals that can become carcinogenic. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, on the other hand, is associated with a reduced risk.
12. What role does H. pylori play in stomach cancer?
    H. pylori is a type of bacteria that can cause chronic inflammation and ulcers in the stomach lining, increasing the risk of stomach cancer over time. Treatment for H. pylori infection can reduce this risk.